Abstract
Aims: To evaluate the biocompatibility and osteogenic potential of calcium silicate-based cements (CSCs) modified with casein phosphopeptide – amorphous calcium phosphate (CPP-ACP) and casein phosphopeptide – amorphous calcium fluoride phosphate (CPP-ACFP). Materials and method: Commercially available CSCs were modified with CPP-ACP or CPP-ACFP to prepare CPP-ACP and CPP-ACFP-modified Biodentine™ (0%, 0.5%, 4.0% w/w), Angelus® MTA (0%, 0.5%, 2.0% w/w) and NEX® MTA (0%, 0.5%, 3.0% w/w). For each group, 50 mg, 300 mg and 1500 mg of the cement mixed according to manufacturers’ instructions were placed and adapted at the bottom of 96 well, 24 well and 6 well (respectively) cell culture plates. After 24 h, the cement-coated plates were sterilised by ultraviolet light for 1 h. MG-63, MC3T3-E1, HGF-1, NIH3T3 cells were grown in the cement-coated plates and the cellular proliferation, cellular toxicity, alkaline phosphatase activity, cytokine production (interleukin-1α; IL-1α and interleukin-6; IL-6) and expression of mineralisation-associated proteins (collagen type 1, osteocalcin and osteopontin) were determined. Results: The addition of 0.5% CPP-ACP and 4.0% CPP-ACFP to Biodentine™, and 2.0% CPP-ACFP to Angelus® MTA significantly reduced the proliferation of MG-63. The addition of 4.0% CPP-ACP and 4.0% CPP-ACFP to Biodentine™, 2.0% CPP-ACFP to Angelus® MTA and 3.0% CPP-ACFP to NEX® MTA significantly reduced the proliferation of MC3T3-E1 cells. The tested cements, with and without CPP-ACP and CPP-ACFP, did not induce cellular toxicity nor IL-1α release. The addition of CPP-ACP and CPP-ACFP to Biodentine™ and NEX® MTA, and the addition of CPP-ACP to Angelus® MTA significantly increased the alkaline phosphatase activity of MG-63 cells. The presence of 4.0% CPP-ACP in Biodentine™, 0.5% and 2.0% CPP-ACP in Angelus® MTA, 0.5% CPP-ACFP in Angelus® MTA, and 0.5% CPP-ACFP in NEX® MTA significantly increased the alkaline phosphatase activity of MC3T3-E1 cells. All the tested cements significantly increased the release of IL-6 from MG-63 compared with negative control. The presence of CPP-ACP and CPP-ACFP in NEX® MTA significantly increased the release of IL-6 from MG-63 compared with unmodified NEX® MTA. MC3T3-E1 cells grown on Biodentine™ (unmodified and modified groups) and 3.0% CPP-ACFP-modified NEX® MTA released significantly higher IL-6 compared with negative control. 0.5% CPP-ACFP-modified Biodentine™ and 3.0% CPP-ACFP-modified NEX® MTA induced significantly higher IL-6 release from MC3T3-E1 compared with unmodified Biodentine™ and unmodified NEX® MTA respectively. The tested cements (especially Biodentine™, Angelus® MTA and CPP-ACFP-modified cements) induced the secretion of mineralisation-associated proteins (especially collagen type 1 and osteocalcin).Conclusions: The tested cements are biocompatible, and they could serve as a suitable scaffold which supports cellular proliferation. The addition of CPP-ACP and CPP-ACFP to CSCs improved the cements’ potential to induce osteoblastic differentiation.
