Publication Ethics of the Al-Rafidain Dental Journal 

The ethical policy of RDENTJ is based on the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE) guidelines and complies with RDENTJ Editorial Board codes of conduct. Readers, authors, reviewers, and editors should follow these ethical policies once working with RDENTJ. The ethical policy of RDENTJ is liable to determine which of the typical research papers or articles submitted to the journal should be published in the concerned issue. For information on this matter in publishing and ethical guidelines please visit http://publicationethics.org.

The manuscript should contain a statement that the work has been approved by the appropriate ethical committees related to the institution(s) in which it was performed and that subjects gave informed consent to the work (consent from patients ). Studies involving experiments with animals must state that their care was in accordance with institutional guidelines. 

Human and Animal Rights:

All research conducted must adhere to appropriate ethical standards. In cases where there is uncertainty regarding the ethical framework followed, the Editors may reject the manuscript and/or contact the author(s)' ethics committee for further clarification. Even if approval from an ethics committee has been obtained, the manuscript may still be rejected on ethical grounds.

For research involving human subjects, human material, or human data, it is essential that the study has been conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and has received approval from an appropriate ethics committee. Submission of the study must be accompanied by documentation of ethics/bioethics committee approval.

In instances where authors report the use of a new procedure or tool in a clinical setting, such as a technical advance or case report, they must provide a clear justification within the manuscript for why the new procedure or tool was deemed more suitable than standard clinical practice to address the patient's clinical needs. This justification may not be required if the new procedure is already approved for clinical use at the authors' institution.

Authors undertaking experimental use of a novel procedure or tool, where a clear clinical advantage based on clinical need was not apparent prior to treatment, are expected to have obtained ethics committee approval and informed patient consent.

These requirements ensure that research involving human and animal subjects is conducted ethically and with proper consideration for the well-being and rights of the individuals involved.

Informed Consent:

Any details that could identify individuals or include images related to participants are strictly prohibited.

Experimental research involving vertebrates or regulated invertebrates must adhere to institutional, national, or international guidelines and receive approval from an appropriate ethics committee. The manuscript should include a statement indicating compliance with relevant guidelines and/or ethical approval, including the name of the ethics committee and reference number, if applicable. The Editor will consider animal welfare issues and reserves the right to reject a manuscript if the research involves protocols that are inconsistent with widely accepted norms of animal research. In some cases, the Editors may contact the ethics committee for additional information.

For field studies and other non-experimental research involving animals, it is necessary to comply with institutional, national, or international guidelines. If available, the study should have received approval from an appropriate ethics committee. The manuscript should include a statement confirming compliance with relevant guidelines and providing appropriate permissions or licenses.

These measures ensure that research involving human participants and animals is conducted ethically and in accordance with established guidelines and regulations.

Duties and Responsibilities of Publishers

1. RDENTJ is committing to ensure that editorial decisions on manuscript submissions are final.
2. RDENTJ is promising to ensure that the decision on manuscript submissions is only made based on professional judgment and will not be affected by any commercial interests.
3. RDENTJ is committed to maintain the integrity of academic and research records.
4. RDENTJ is monitoring the ethics of the Editor-in-Chief, Associate Editors, Editorial Board Members, Reviewers, Authors, and Readers.
5. RDENTJ is always checking the plagiarism and fraudulent data issues involved in the submitted manuscript.
6. RDENTJ is always willing to publish corrections, clarifications, and retractions involving its publications as and when needed.

Duties and Responsibilities of Editors

1. The Editors of the journal should have the full authority to reject/accept a manuscript.
2. The Editors of the journal should maintain the confidentiality of submitted manuscripts under review or until they are published.
3. The Editor-in-Chief should make a decision on submitted manuscripts, whether to be published or not with other editors and reviewers
4. The Editors of the journal should preserve the anonymity of reviewers.
5. The Editors of the journal should disclose and try to avoid any conflict of interest.
6. The Editors of the journal should maintain academic integrity and strive to meet the needs of readers and authors.
7. The Editors of the journal should be willing to investigate plagiarism and fraudulent data issues and willing to publish corrections, clarifications, retractions, and apologies when needed.
8. The Editors of the journal should limit themselves only to the intellectual content.
9. The Editors of the journal must not disclose any information about submitted manuscripts to anyone other than the corresponding author, reviewers, potential reviewers, other editorial advisers, and the publisher, as appropriate.
10. Unpublished materials disclosed in a submitted paper will not be used by the editor or the members of the editorial board for their own research purposes without the author's explicit written consent.

Duties and Responsibilities of Reviewers

1. The Reviewers of the journal should assist the Editors in making the decision for publishing the submitted manuscripts.
2. The Reviewers should maintain the confidentiality of the manuscripts, that they are invited to review.
3. The Reviewers should provide comments in time that will help editors make a decision on whether the submitted manuscript is to be published or not.
4. The Reviewers are bound to treat the manuscript received for peer reviewing as confidential, and must not use the information obtained through peer review for personal advantage. 
5. The Reviewer's comments against each invited manuscript should be technical, professional, and objective.
6. The Reviewers should not review the manuscripts in which they have found conflicts of interest with any of the authors, companies, or institutions.
7. The Reviewers should disclose and try to avoid any conflict of interest.

Duties and Responsibilities of Authors

1. Manuscripts must be submitted only in English and should be written according to sound grammar and proper terminology.
2. Manuscripts must be submitted with the understanding that they have not been published elsewhere, and are not currently under consideration by another journal published by or any other publisher.
3. The submitting corresponding author is responsible for ensuring that the manuscript article's publication has been approved by all the other coauthors.
4. In order to sustain the peer review system, authors have an obligation to participate in the peer review process to evaluate manuscripts from others. 
5. It is also the author's responsibility to ensure that the manuscripts emanating from a particular institution are submitted with the approval of the necessary institution.
6. It is a condition for submission of a manuscript that the authors permit editing of the paper for readability.
7. Authors are requested to clearly identify who provided financial support for the conduct of research and/or preparation of the manuscript and briefly describe the role of the founder/ sponsor in any part of the work.
8. A copyright release form must be signed by the corresponding author in case of multiple authorship, prior to the acceptance of the manuscript, by all authors, for publication to be legally responsible towards the Journal's ethics and privacy policy.
9. Under open open-access license, authors retain ownership of the copyright for their content but allow anyone to download, reuse, reprint, modify, distribute, and/or copy the content as long as the original authors and source are cited properly.
10. All authors have agreed to allow the corresponding author to serve as the correspondent with the editorial office, to review the edited manuscript and proof.
11. When the author(s) discovers a significant error or inaccuracy in his/her own published work, it is the author’s obligation to promptly notify the journal editor or publisher to retract or correct the manuscript. 
12. All authors must know that the submitted manuscripts under review or published with RDENTJ are subject to screening using Plagiarism Prevention Software. Plagiarism is a serious violation of publication ethics. 
13. All authors must ensure that all authors have read the submission final checklist before being submitted to the RDENTJ.

Principles of Transparency

• Peer review process: RDENTJ is a double-blind peer-reviewed electronic and print biannual publication concerned with all aspects of dental sciences.
• Governing Body: RDENTJ has a very strong editorial board, whose members are recognized experts in the subject areas included within the journal’s scope. The full names and affiliations of the journal’s editors are provided on the journal’s Web site:    https://rden.mosuljournals.com/journal/editorial.board 

• Contact information: The Journal is provided the contact information for the editorial office of RDENTJ     https://rden.mosuljournals.com/journal/contact.us
• Author fees / Access: The Journal database is fully open access and the full text of published articles is available for everyone who can get access to the Journal website free of cost. Besides, the authors should pay the article publication fee which is 100 000 ID.
• Copyright: Journals made clear the type of copyright under which authors' work will be published.  Upon acceptance of the manuscript, authors will be asked to complete a "Journal Publishing Agreement".
• Identification of and dealing with allegations of research misconduct: Editor-in-Chief takes reasonable steps to identify and prevent the publication of papers where research misconduct has occurred, including plagiarism, citation manipulation, and data falsification/fabrication, among others.
• Identification of and dealing with allegations of research misconduct: Editor-in-Chief takes reasonable steps to identify and prevent the publication of papers where research misconduct has occurred, including plagiarism, citation manipulation, and data falsification/fabrication, among others.
• Web site: A journal’s Website (https://rden.mosuljournals.com/) contains that care has been taken to ensure high ethical and professional standards.
• Name of journal: The Journal name of Al-Rafidain Dental Journal ( RDENTJ) is unique and no one that is easily confused with other journals
• Conflicts of interest: Authors are requested to evident whether impending conflicts do or do not exist while submitting their articles to RDENTJ through the Conflict of Interest Disclosure form.
• Publishing schedule: The periodicity at which a journal publishes is clearly indicated https://rden.mosuljournals.com/
• Archiving: A journal’s plan for electronic backup and preservation of access to the journal content is clearly indicated https://rden.mosuljournals.com/browse?_action=issue

Authorship

Authorship is a system for attributing credit and liability for the content of published works. Recognition and accountability cannot be separated. Providing an accurate account of the events is the guiding concept for establishing authorship. The authorship criteria apply to all types of intellectual activity, including printed and digital releases of text, data, and images. Additionally, authorship implies accountability and responsibility for published works. Authors have published authors who have made significant intellectual contributions. Authorized authors are aware of their guilt and obligation to publish content. These criteria reduce substantial ambiguity regarding contributions but do not address the requisite quantity and quality of assistance for authorship.

CRITERIA FOR AUTHORSHIP

Everyone who made significant intellectual contributions to the study underpinning the article (such as to the research question, design, analysis, interpretation, and written description) should be listed as an author. Only those who have made significant contributions to knowledge should be considered authors. Although these contributions may be acknowledged in the publication, providing technical services, translating text, identifying patients for the study, delivering materials, and providing funding or administrative oversight of the facilities where the work was performed do not constitute authorship. One author (a "guarantee") should be accountable for the whole work's integrity. This is usually the corresponding author who submits the work and gets evaluations, although other authors may also serve in this capacity. All writers must approve the final version of the text. Idealistically, every author should be familiar with every facet of the work. However, current research is often conducted in teams with complementary skills, so not all authors may be conversant in every part of the study. Consequently, the contributions of certain writers may be limited to particular areas of the whole book.

NUMBER, NAMES ORDER, and AUTHORS DISPUTES

Al-Rafidain Dent J editorial board did not restrict the number of authors for each submitted manuscript, either one or multiple authors; in many cases, the manuscripts with multiple authors give these manuscripts a strong scientific and literature structure, especially when authors share these ideas from different scientific or academic institutions. In such cases, an "author contribution" paragraph should be included when not all authors share equally in all experiment stages, result recording, data explanation, and final manuscript approval. If multiple authors were shared in one manuscript, all of them should pass the minimal requirements of authorship criteria, as explained previously; in addition, editor in chief can ask for more details about authorship contribution and explanation to be a part of the manuscript's authors if the editor in chief feel any kind or nepotism, the editor in chief can omit their names in the final accepted copy of the submitted manuscript. In addition, the writers should determine the sequence in which the authors' names appear. No one else comprehends their contributions and agreements as well as they do. If the authors have not disclosed the method for assigning an authorship order, readers cannot know and should not assume the importance of the authorship order.

Ideally, authorship disputes should be settled locally before the journal peer review process starts; in special cases, the editor-in-chief may help to overcome these disputes. Suppose there are any changes in the authorship order or omitting authorship. In that case, these changes should be supported by a written request by all original authors at the different stages of the manuscript peer review process, acceptance, and publishing.

Changes to authorship

Authors are expected to consider carefully the list and order of authors before submitting their manuscript and provide the definitive list of authors at the time of the original submission. Any addition, deletion, or rearrangement of author names in the authorship list should be made only before the manuscript has been accepted and only if approved by the journal Editor. To request such a change, the Editor must receive the following from the corresponding author: (a) the reason for the change in the author list and (b) written confirmation (e-mail, letter) from all authors that they agree with the addition, removal, or rearrangement. In the case of the addition or removal of authors, this includes confirmation from the author being added or removed.
Only in exceptional circumstances will the Editor consider the addition, deletion, or rearrangement of authors after the manuscript has been accepted. While the Editor considers the request, publication of the manuscript will be suspended. If the manuscript has already been published in an online issue, any requests approved by the Editor will result in a corrigendum.AUTHORSHIP FORM: Click here

Violation of Publication Ethics

1. Plagiarism: Plagiarism is intentionally using someone else’s ideas or other original material as if they are one's own. Copying even one sentence from someone else’s manuscript, or even one of your own that has previously been published, without proper citation is considered by RDENTJ Journals as plagiarism. All manuscripts under review or published with RDENTJ are subject to screening using plagiarism-prevention software. Thus, plagiarism is a serious violation of publication ethics. The development of CrossCheck is a service that helps editors to verify the originality of papers. CrossCheck is powered by the Ithenticate software from iParadigms, known in the academic community as a provider of Turnitin. 
2. Data Fabrication and Falsification: Data fabrication and falsification means the researcher did not really carry out the study, but made up data or results and recorded or reported the fabricated information. Data falsification means the researcher did the experiment, but manipulated, changed, or omitted data or results from the research findings.
3. Simultaneous Submission: Simultaneous submission occurs when a manuscript (or substantial sections from a manuscript) is submitted to a journal when it is already under consideration by another journal.
4. Duplicate Publication: Duplicate publication occurs when two or more papers, without full cross-referencing, share essentially the same hypotheses, data, discussion points, and conclusions.
5. Redundant Publications: Redundant publications involve the inappropriate division of study outcomes into several articles, most often consequent to the desire to plump academic vitae.
6. Improper Author Contribution or Attribution: All listed authors must have made a significant scientific contribution to the research in the manuscript and approved all its claims. Don’t forget to list everyone who made a significant scientific contribution, including students and laboratory technicians.
7. Citation Manipulation: Citation Manipulation is including excessive citations, in the submitted manuscript, that do not contribute to the scholarly content of the article and have been included solely for the purpose of increasing citations to a given author’s work, or to articles published in a particular journal. This leads to misrepresenting the importance of the specific work and journal in which it appears and is thus a form of scientific misconduct.
8. Sanctions: In the event that there are documented violations of any of the above-mentioned policies in any journal, regardless of whether or not the violations occurred in a journal, the following sanctions will be applied: (i) Immediate rejection of the infringing manuscript, (ii)Immediate rejection of every other manuscript submitted to any journal published by any of the authors of the infringing manuscript, (iii) Prohibition will be imposed for a minimum of 36 months against all of the authors for any new submissions to any journal, either individually or in combination with other authors of the infringing manuscript, and (iv) Prohibition against all of the authors from serving on the Editorial Board of any journal.

Handling Cases of Misconduct

Once RDENTJ confirms a violation against RDENTJ  publication ethics, RDENTJ addresses ethical concerns diligently following an issue-specific standard practice as summarized below.

1. The first action of the journal Editor is to inform the Editorial Office of RDENTJ by supplying copies of the relevant material and a draft letter to the corresponding author asking for an explanation in a nonjudgmental manner.
2. If the author’s explanation is unacceptable and it seems that serious unethical conduct has taken place, the matter is referred to the Publication Committee via the Editorial Office.  After deliberation, the Committee will decide whether the case is sufficiently serious to warrant a ban on future submissions. 
3. If the infraction is less severe, the Editor, upon the advice of the Publication Committee, sends the author a letter of reprimand and reminds the author of RDENTJ publication policies; if the manuscript has been published, the Editor may request the author to publish an apology in the journal to correct the record.
4. Notification will be sent to the corresponding author and any work by the author responsible for the violation or any work these persons coauthored that is under review by RDENTJ journal will be rejected immediately.
5. The authors are prohibited from serving on the RDENTJ editorial board and serving as a reviewer for RDENTJ Journal. RDENTJ reserves the right to take more action.
6. In extreme cases, notifications will be sent to the affiliations of the authors, and the authors are prohibited from submitting their work to RDENTJ for 5 years.
7. In serious cases of fraud that result in the retraction of the article, a retraction notice will be published in the journal and will be linked to the article in the online version. The online version will also be marked “retracted” with the retraction date.